What does the family coat of arms mean? Hawk tattoo About the origin of the Rurikovichs from the Hunnic dynasty Dulo.

Libyan coat of arms(Arabic: شعار ليببا‎) - currently - almost the same coat of arms that was used while the country was part of the Federation of Arab Republics. The current coat of arms was adopted after Libya left the Federation in 1977.
Related to the flag, green is on one side symbol of the Green Cloak of the Prophet Muhammad, and on the other the symbol of the Green Revolution of Colonel Gaddafi.
The hawk depicted on the coat of arms is The Hawk of Quraysh, the emblem of the family of the Prophet Muhammad.
The phrase اتحاد الجمهوريات العربية (ittiħād al-jumhūriyyāt al-`arabiyya "Federation (literally Union) of Arab Republics"), written on a ribbon that is clutched in the talons of a hawk.


Flag of Libya(Arabic: علم ليبيا‎‎), adopted on November 11, 1977, is a green rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 1:2. This the only one-color national flag in the world without any additional details, drawings, inscriptions, etc.

Flag of an independent the kingdom of Libya had a red, black and green flag with a white crescent and a star in the middle, but after the 1969 revolution it was also changed to red-white-black. In 1971, Libya joined the Federation of Arab Republics along with Egypt and Syria, which used a similar flag with a hawk and the country's name in the center. When Libya seceded from the federation in 1977, the country's modern, pure green flag was adopted. The green color of the flag symbolizes Islam, the state religion of the country, as well as the Green Revolution of Muammar Gaddafi.
1918-1923 Short-lived republic Tripolitania in Western Libya used as a state flag a blue color with a green palm tree depicted in the center and a white star above it.


Flag of Libya 1951-1969 The first national flag of modern Libya was adopted in 1951, when it gained independence from Italy. It was a rectangular panel consisting of three horizontal stripes: top - red, middle - black and bottom - green. In the center of the black stripe, the width of which was twice the width of the top or bottom, there was an image of a white crescent with a five-pointed star. Today, this flag is still used as a national flag by Libyan monarchists and oppositionists living abroad. Flag design based on the flag of the Sufi order Senusiyya, which was a black cloth with a crescent and a star.


Flag of Libya 1969-1972.As a result of the 1969 revolution, the official name of Libya was changed to the “Libyan Arab Republic”, and the flag was replaced with a pan-Arab three-stripe red-white-black).


Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics, 1972-1977. In 1972, with Libya joining the Federation of Arab Republics, the new state adopted a national flag. It differed from the 1969 Libyan flag in proportions, slightly more intense color of the red stripe of the flag, as well as a golden hawk (“Hawk of Quraish”) placed on a white stripe, holding in its paws a ribbon with the name of the state in Arabic.

March 8, 1977 Libya left the federation; The official name of the state was changed to the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. On November 11, 1977, the flag of Libya was changed to the modern one - single-color green (which was a reaction to the visit of Anwar Sadat to Israel, which in Libya was considered a betrayal of Arab and Islamic values).

A symbol of the family line - the coat of arms was intended to emphasize the peculiarity of the family, indicate its merits, and affirm its significance and weight. The coat of arms was represented in the form of a shield of different shapes and remained unchanged for many generations. To understand the meaning of what is depicted on ancient shields, you need to ask yourself: What does the family coat of arms mean?..

History of the family coat of arms

The coat of arms appeared around the 12th century and was used by feudal lords and knights. It served as an identification signal in knightly battles. Displayed by a rider on a shield or on a canvas as a banner.

What is the value of a family coat of arms for a contemporary and why do we need to know what the family coat of arms means?

Gradually, the coat of arms lost its original function and became a reflector of family values. The revival of the family coat of arms is not only a tribute to tradition. This is awareness of the significance of a kind in the historical course of events, adherence to cultural traditions, national identity and pride. Therefore, knowing what the family’s coat of arms means is useful for everyone who values ​​its roots.

How to create your own family coat of arms and fill it with meaning?

Each figure on the coat of arms has an allegorical meaning, conveying character traits, family characteristics, hobbies, and occupation.

Let's express the positive qualities of family members through animal symbols:

1. devotion is a dog
2. meekness - sheep
3. mind is a fox
4. bee - hard work
5. eagle - high origin, power
6. tiger - fearlessness
7. hawk – desire, search for solutions, ambition
8. bull - success in agriculture
9. raven - long-lived, adherents of constancy
10. wolf - vigilance in preserving the interests of the family
11. Leo – leniency towards the weak, strength, courage
12. bear – patronage, stability, reliability
13. butterfly - ease of communication, desire for change

In addition to animal symbols, there are object symbols. They also help to understand what the clan is, what its traditions and views are.

What did the symbols-objects mean on the family coat of arms:

1. cross - the family is faithful to Christian beliefs
2. crown - influence, dignity
3. ax – high consciousness
4. bridge - there are representatives of the rule of law in the family
5. crescent - education
6. heart – passion, ability to love
7. hand – justice, faith
8. ring - fidelity
9. the sun is a famous, illustrious family
10. star - noble birth
11. sword - military virtues
12. fire - diligent attitude to work
13. oak - strength of spirit

In addition to subject symbols denoting qualities, there were symbols depicting the distinctive features of the profession:

1. lyra - musicians
2. anchor - sailors
3. carpentry tools - coopers
4. furniture items - furniture makers
5. construction tools – builders
6. buildings - architects
7. snake over the bowl - pharmacists

The field of the coat of arms could have its own color. Colors, like objects and animals, were also symbols.

What does the color of the family coat of arms mean:

1. white – purity of thoughts, sincerity
2. yellow – generosity
3. black – constancy
4. purple – prudence
5. green – hope, loyalty
6. blue - perfection

Creating a family coat of arms is work that your descendants will appreciate, a rewarding task for centuries.

The stencil of the family coat of arms must comply with heraldic rules. Since the coat of arms is a symbol of your family, it should be in the shape of a shield....

“They meet you by their clothes.” Nowadays, this saying has acquired a new meaning. By thinking about their appearance, people not only strive to please others, but also demonstrate their character, worldview, and style. Original tattoos expand the possibilities of expressing one’s own individuality and perfectly complement the image. It is not surprising that choosing a theme and design for a tattoo is sometimes very difficult, because the result will accompany the owner everywhere, remind him of important things and tell others about the person more than a thousand words.

Images of birds on tattoos are very popular. All birds evoke instant associations with flight, freedom, and the absence of restrictions. Hawk tattoo is the prerogative of free, confident, purposeful people. This is how those who choose such drawings see themselves, and this is how their friends and relatives see them.

Hawk - a symbol of freedom and fidelity

What features distinguish the hawk from other bird species? First of all, it is a bird of prey, an invader rapidly falling from the sky onto its target, vigilant and courageous. He evokes admiration, worship, and even envy. The characteristics of the bird’s behavior determine the human character traits that the hawk symbolizes:

• A powerful hunting instinct is a symbol of perseverance, the ability to concentrate, determination, and vigilance.
• Loyalty. The hawk is a monogamous bird, the resulting couple spends their whole lives together, and therefore the hawk tattoo symbolizes love for the soul mate found among millions of people, fidelity to it.
• The unique ability of a bird to fly straight to the Sun, without squinting or closing its eyes, in human understanding means the ability to confidently move towards even the most difficult goal. Obstacles that would be insurmountable for others are, for such a person, only welcome tests that he will definitely pass.
• A hawk is a bird soaring high in the sky; people with a hawk tattoo are familiar with inspiration, a sense of freedom, they themselves create a unique environment around themselves.

Note! The hawk is an exclusively carnivorous bird, and therefore a person with its image on the body can be dangerous; his desire to overcome any obstacles on the way to his own goal also means the ability to go over his head.

Hawk as seen by different peoples of the world

It is important! When choosing sketches for a tattoo, you have to pay attention to the historical significance of a particular image and how representatives of other cultures might see it.

What features are given to this bird in different parts of the world? Different peoples attribute the following properties to the hawk:

• Among the ancient Egyptians, the hawk was one of the most revered representatives of the animal world, which was even expressed in the ancient Egyptian symbol of the human soul, Ka - a mythical creature with a human head and the body of a hawk. The Egyptians saw the bird as the embodiment of courage, strength, and heavenly principles. It is interesting that such images also meant noble origin for the Egyptians.
• In Slavic cultures, the hawk became the personification of the forces of light, the ability to win and the desire for victory, freedom. After all, it is the hawk bird that the legendary good fellows in our folk tales turn into.
• The Scandinavians saw the hawk as one of the main deities of the ancient pagan pantheon - Loki, the god of fire. This character is characterized by cunning and resourcefulness, a love of jokes, sometimes very cruel.
• American Indians valued the hawk for its courage, nobility, and courage. Hawk plumage was used to create stunning headdresses for Indian tribal leaders. The hawk symbolized the Sun, which was worshiped by all ancient American civilizations; this bird is the progenitor of people.
• Medieval Europe is a time when people began to widely use the properties of the hawk for hunting. The bird has become a symbol of the conqueror, invader, hunter. The image of this bird was used on the coats of arms of many noble families as a symbol of courage and fearlessness.

RGIA: Three files in the fund of the Department of Heraldry of the Senate, the pedigree of the Yastrzhembets - Demyanovichs of the Mogilev province. Family trees before 1600 - Yuri Yastrzhembets - Demyanovich, then - in the darkness of centuries. Jastrzębiec is mentioned in 999 under Bolesław the Brave, and in 1170 by Bolest Jastrzębiec...

Total 400 pages. The case of the noble origin of Yastrzebiec - Demyanovich 1807, 1827, 1828 177 sheets in 2 parts of the Resolution of the Heraldry of the Senate January 28, 1827 - 5 sheets / September 19, 1828 - 8 sheets.

(report - 1 sheet, the rest - certificates - 31 sheets.) Additional case on assigning the Demyanovichs to the Yastrzhembets - Demyanovich family

2. A copy from 1850 about the inclusion of Yastrzhembets - Demyanovich in the noble family from the pedigree. 12 l.

c) 3rd Ognevsky,

Sign and emblem of Dima-Tarkhan (Tamatarkha), Tmutarakan, Bulgar and Khazar Kaganate. (651 - 983) Taman and Vost. Crimea. The capital is Tmutarakan (Dima - Tarkhan, Tamatarkha). 965 Russian conquest. Principality of Tmutarakan (ca. 988 - 1100). OK. 1100 the principality was conquered by the Polovtsians. Prince of Tmutarakan is the title of the ruler of the Tmutarakan principality, which existed in the 10th-12th centuries on the Taman Peninsula with its center in the city of Tmutarakan. The following rulers of the principality are known: Prince Demyan. (... - 805 - ...) Tmutarakan, according to the ancient Bulgarian chronicle "Gazi - Baraj Tarikh", was named after the bek (prince) Tamyan (Damyan). "Dima - Tarkhan" (in the Byzantine chronicles of Tamatarkh). Aryan culture and Scythians “Jir, burdened by the Khazar power and counting on the help of Rum in the fight against it, was the first to convert to Orthodoxy. In 805, Urus escaped death by hiding in Dima-Tarkhan, where Tat-Ugek’s son, Tamyan, ruled under the auspices of Byzantium and where many Bulgars fled from repression. The stronghold of the rebels became the Byzantine-supported bekdom of Dima - Tarkhan (Tmutarakan) and the Kuban region, Itil became the stronghold of the Khazars - Jews and the residence of the Kagan. Sarkel was built as the future residence of the Kagans - Tengrians, as opposed to the stronghold of Judaism - Itil. The Khazars accepted Islam after the defeat of Khazaria by Svyatoslav (965)

The descendants of the boyars, called boyar children, were recorded in the Boyar books, some of which are preserved in state archives. As a rule, they came from princely families that lost their appanages and went into the service of the Grand Duke, later the Tsar, from whom they received new land holdings or estates for their service.

Sarmatians and Sarmatian heraldic emblems.

The general name of the nomadic pastoral Iranian-speaking tribes (IV century BC - IV century AD) inhabiting the steppe regions from the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan to the Danube. Ancient authors identified various Sarmatian groups that had their own names and occupied, at different times, leading positions in the nomadic world: Aorsi, Siraks, Roxolans, Iazygs, Alans. The Sarmatians were one of the northern Iranian peoples, along with the European Scythians and Asian Sakas. Ancient authors, in particular Herodotus, report that the Sarmatians descend from Amazons who married Scythian youths. But the steppe beauties were never able to fully master the language of their husbands. “Therefore, the Sarmatians speak the Scythian language, but distorted since ancient times,” the historian concludes. Apparently, the Sarmatians separated from the bulk of the Scythians quite early: even in the sacred book of the Zoroastrians, the Avesta, the Sarmatians are mentioned under the name “Sairima” and are called nomads, “who are not know the powers of the supreme rulers"

The Sarmatians formed several centers, after the Hunnic pogrom, the main ones in Eastern Europe were the Dnieper and Baltic region Yatvingians - an ancient Prussian Baltic-speaking tribe, the Yatvingians, an ancient Sarmatian tribe, wild inhabitants of the present-day Podlasie. Russian campaigns against them date back to 1112, 1113, 1120. Their raids on Volyn 1205, 1207... The Yatvingians participated in the ethnogenesis of the Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian nations.

Velets are lutichs (wolves are fierce). Within the boundaries of the present-day Grodno and Vilna regions lived the Slavic tribe Velety - Lyutich. According to some historical data, the city was their fortress (the word itself was derived from Wild - fortress).

When Germanic tribes first appeared on the Livonian and Kuron coasts of the Baltic Sea in 1185, the Velets were already living in the Vilna region.

The news about the arrival of the Prussians is borrowed from the Ipatiev Chronicle. It literally says: “The Prussians came to Troidenevi (1270 - 1282) from their land involuntarily before the Germans. He took them to himself and planted some of them in Gorodnya, and some of them in Slonim.”

In the autumn of 1276, the crusaders again subjugated the land of Pogesania (the central part of Prussia), killing or capturing everyone, with the exception of a few whose families moved to the Grodno region and Lithuania.

On the Land of Germany under the Hunnic Empire. The Hunnic union of tribes (it included the Scythians, Sarmatians, Bulgars, Ostrogoths, Heruli, Gepids, as well as some other Germanic and non-Germanic tribes) reached its greatest territorial expansion and power under Attila (ruled 434-453). In 451, the Huns invaded Gaul and were defeated by the Romans and their allies the Visigoths on the Catalaunian fields. After the death of Attila, the Gepids, who had conquered them, took advantage of the discord that arose among the Huns and led the uprising of the Germanic tribes against the Huns. In 454, at the Battle of the Nedao River in Pannonia, the Huns were defeated and went to the Black Sea region: the powerful alliance collapsed. Attempts by the Huns to break into the Balkan Peninsula in 469 failed. Gradually, the Huns disappeared as a people, although their name was still used for a long time as a general name for the nomads of the Black Sea region. According to the testimony of the Gothic historian of the 6th century Jordan, the tribes that were previously part of the “Hunnic” union, freed from the violent “union” of nomads, took control of both the Western and the vast part of the Eastern Roman Empire, settling in Thrace, Illyria, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Gaul and the Apennine Peninsula. The last Roman Romulus Augustulus was the son of Attila's secretary, the Roman patrician Orestes. Who overthrew him from the throne in 476, the first barbarian king of Rome, according to Jordan, “King Odoacer, the leader of the tribes of the Heruli, Rugii and Sciri who lived in the Danube Valley, was the son of the best military leader of Attila, the leader of the Sciri, Edecon. The leader of the Ostrogoths Theodoric, the son of Attila’s associate , the Ostrogothic king Theodimir, who treacherously killed Odoacer during a feast, became the first Christian king of the Gothic-Roman kingdom of the Ostrogoths in 496. In addition to the Alan formations, there were Slavic formations in the Hunnic army. The Slavic language was to be widely used in the state of Attila. According to Priscus, when the Byzantine The embassy crossed the Danube on the way to Attila's headquarters, the locals treated the Greeks to a drink they called medoz, which of course is Slavic honey.The embassy employees were also offered another type of drink made from barley, known as camoz - i.e. Slavic kvass Another Slavic word mentioned by Jordan: strava (“wake”)

In the 6th century, the Bulgarian and Suvar tribes fell under the dependence of the Turks, and their lands became part of the Turkic Kaganate. At the beginning of the 7th century (30s), the Kaganate collapsed and two states were formed in the territory between the Black and Caspian Seas - the Khazar Kaganate and Great Bulgaria. The creator of Great (or Golden) Bulgaria was King Kubrat, who managed to unite different tribes with his power

GREAT BULGARIA. Among the tribes that roamed the steppes of the Northern Black Sea and Azov regions after the fall of the Hunnic Empire were the ancient Bulgarians. In the V-VI centuries. they made campaigns to the west, fought with German tribes, and participated in the military and political life of Byzantium. Later they fell under the rule of the Turkic Kaganate, but at the beginning of the 7th century. came out from under it, creating a strong union of tribes under the leadership of Organa. His nephew Kubrat became the only khan of the new state under the loud name Great Bulgaria, which lasted only a few decades (632 - early 650 - X).

The capital was Fanagouris (Phanagoria) - a former Greek city - a port on Taman. The population of the state led a semi-nomadic lifestyle: in winter they lived in cities and villages, in summer they moved to steppe yurts. The types of farming were almost the same as those of the Khazars, and in general they were related to the Khazars. Bulgaria ceased to exist after the death of Kubrat Khan. Part of the population went to the Danube, creating a new kingdom there - Danube Bulgaria, but over time was assimilated by the local Slavs, leaving them with their name “Bulgarians”. The other part remained on their land, becoming known as the “Black Bulgarians”. The third part of the Bulgarians moved later, at the end of the 8th century, to the Middle Volga region on the territory. modern Tatarstan.

Hawk - Bird of Prey, eagle - buzzard, steppe eagle, double-headed eagle - coat of arms... Falcon (hawk) was one of the most common figures depicted on knightly and noble coats of arms.

In West Slavic languages "rarog", "rerick"- this is a falcon. In Rus', by the way, there was the Sokol fortress, the namesake of the capital of the Obodrits, and a river with the same name - Sokol.

In Ancient Egypt, the HAWK was revered as the KING OF THE BIRDS. For the Egyptians, the hawk is the royal bird, spirit, soul, inspiration. Many gods were depicted with the body or head of a hawk - these are the Bird Kensu, Ra, Pta, Horus. Sometimes the sphinx has the head of a hawk.

In Greco-Roman mythology, the hawk is the swift messenger of Apollo.

The hawk represents Heaven, strength, royalty, nobility. It was believed that a hawk could fly to the Sun and look at it without blinking. HAWKS decorated the walls of caves and ancient temples, the coats of arms of nobles and states, symbolizing wisdom, greatness, fearlessness, pride, beauty...

HAWK - a symbol of superiority, victory and freedom Without pride and greatness, neither victory nor freedom are possible

The hawk is a free bird. A characteristic feature of a hawk's hunting is the lightning-fast final attack on the prey. The name is formed on the basis of the ancient Slavic root str meaning “speed” ostrъ.

Encyclopedia of Signs and Symbols - The hawk, falcon, kite, and similar birds of prey have conflicting symbolism of evil, death and sunlight, having in this latter case a commonality with the eagle.

In Ancient Egypt, the falcon was considered a sacred royal bird, since it was the embodiment of the all-seeing Horus, the sky god, or the solar god Ra, who, like other Egyptian gods, was often depicted with the head of a falcon.

According to early Christian beliefs, however, the hawk signified evil, while the tamed hawk or falcon represented the converted pagan, and the crested hawk symbolized the hope of divine illumination.

In Greco-Roman myths, the hawk was the messenger of Apollo and the sacred bird of the sorceress Circe.

For the Celts, the falcon was a symbol of victory (usually over the hare, the embodiment of lust).

In Scandinavian mythology, this is a zoomorphic embodiment of the god Odin and an attribute of the goddess Freya.

In Hinduism, the hawk Gayatri was the riding bird (vahana) of Indra and brought Soma from heaven.

The kite symbolized the sun in China and served as a sign of war.

In the Polynesian tradition, the hawk is a prophet bird with magical healing powers.

The first coat of arms documented in Europe is the coat of arms mentioned in 1127 on the shield of Geoffrey of Anjou. At a time when the majority of the population was illiterate, knights found it convenient to use a coat of arms for their seals with which they “signed” documents; the earliest seal depicting a heraldic shield dates back to 1136.

Knightly tournaments contributed to the spread of heraldry. Introduced in the mid-11th century by the French Geoffroy de Prély for practice in equestrian combat, the tournament became the central event of the Middle Ages. Tournaments spread the fashion for coats of arms and emblems (not only on shields and cloaks, but also on helmets, banners and horse clothing) throughout Europe.

In 1320, the oldest reference book on heraldry, the Zurich Armorial, was compiled. In the 14th century, the first statement of the rules of heraldry was made by the Italian lawyer Bartolo. It soon became clear that it was necessary to restore order in the use of coats of arms, since their bearers often chose coats of arms at their own discretion, and cases of repetition were not uncommon. Control over this was entrusted to the king's representatives or the most knowledgeable nobles - heralds. If there are no male heirs, the daughter becomes the heir to the father's coat of arms. When married, her coat of arms is placed in the center of the husband's coat of arms on a small shield. The widow placed her marriage coat of arms in a rhombus.

The coat of arms of Egypt is the Hawk of Quraish. In 1984, the Hawk was replaced by the golden eagle ("Salladin's eagle").

The hawk of the Quraish (the Meccan tribe from which Muhammad came) is on the coats of arms of Syria, the UAE, and Libya. Birds on the coats of arms of Jordan and Sudan are similar in semantics.

Coat of arms of Libya Hawk, pic. on the coat of arms, is the Hawk of Quraish, the emblem of the family of the Prophet Muhammad.

Archaeologists discovered the center. Syria, the world's oldest sculpture of a hawk. The discovery, dating back to the 10th millennium BC, was made jointly by the Syrian and French. expedition 200 kilometers north of Damascus, in the Jabl al-Belaas mountains located east of the city of Hama. The found stone hawk, the size of which does not exceed 5.5 centimeters in length and width, is five thousand years older than all other previously discovered sculptures of this bird. The Syrian hawk, or Quraish hawk, is the state hawk. symbol of Syria and is depicted on its coat of arms.

In the coat of arms of the red-haired Genghis Khan with green eyes: in a golden field, a silver falcon claws a black raven.

Sarmatian signs in the coats of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the princely signs of the Rurikovichs, the reasons for their similarity with the Sarmatian signs of the kings of the Bosporus. The main Myth of the Indo-Europeans - The so-called Thracian horsemen, who were worshiped in the Balkans long before the birth of Christ, the Scythian and Sarmatian Batradz, the god of war - a steel horseman with a sword. This cult also flourished in Hellenistic Egypt, where Horus, the horseman, was depicted slaying Seth, the crocodile. And in Asia Minor Lycia - the god Kakasb, killing a snake with a club. And Mithras, the Iranian warrior god, popular with the Romans. warriors And St. George the Victorious himself comes from Cappadocia, where the cult of the horseman - the serpent fighter - was known long before the advent of Christianity. Cappadocia was the center of the Hittite Empire, and one of its main gods, the thunderer Pirva, a brother of our Perun, also fought with the serpent twenty centuries before the birth. H.R.

1785 A. T. Knyazev compiled the first Russian armorial "Collection of family coats of arms, signifying the differences between the noble families of the vast Russian Empire", which included 5 3 3 drawings of coats of arms that he removed from personal seals (without distinction between approved and unapproved). In 1797, it began to be compiled "General armorial of nobles, clans of the All-Russian Empire", which included only coats of arms that received Imperial approval. Before 1917, 20 parts were compiled, 10 parts were published (St. Petersburg, 1798 - 1840; repr. edition, parts 1 - 2, St. Petersburg, 1992), since by decree of June 12, 1870 its printing discontinued. In total, about 3,000 noble coats of arms are placed at 20 o'clock. For the nobles of the Kingdom of Poland, Vel. Book Litovsky, Vel. Book Special armorials were created for the Finnish and Baltic provinces. On June 10, 1857, an Arms Department was created under the Senate Heraldry Department, which was entrusted with the compilation of territorial and personal coats of arms in compliance with the rules of Heraldry.

The department was headed by: B.V. Koehne (1857 - 86), A.P. Barsukov 1886 - 1914), V.K. Lukomsky (1914 - 17). After the October Revolution, the Armorial Museum of the State Archive Fund was created on the basis of the Armal Department.

Srebrenik book. Vladim Ira Svyatoslavaich (10th century)		Gediminovichi - "Kolumny"

The double-headed eagle has an ancient history.

This is a symbol of clearly Eastern origin. The oldest image of him is located on the ruins near the Turkmen village of Wayyuk - in the region of ancient Cappadocia, on the border of Assyria. The ruins date back to the era of the Median king Cyaxares (6 35 - 596 BC). The single-headed eagle already served as a symbol of supreme power among the Persians, which allows us to make the assumption that the double-headed eagle symbolized the union of the Median kingdom with the Assyrian kingdom, which occurred in 598 BC. The appearance of the double-headed eagle in ancient Rome is associated with Constantine the Great (306 - 337) and Justinian I (527 - 565), when both empires - Eastern and Western - united under one scepter, using single-headed eagles as emblems. The oldest image of a double-headed eagle in Europe was found on a marble slab in the Xiropotamian monastery in Athos (Fig. 1), founded by Pulcheria between 451 and 453. The Eastern Roman Empire, before its fall, had an emblem in the form of a black double-headed eagle with red eyes and tongues, and golden beaks and paws. It then appears on the coats of arms of states that consider themselves successors to Rome, for example, on the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, as well as on the coats of arms of families descended from the Byzantine emperors or connected to them by marriage.

I would like to draw attention to yet another proof that they have nothing to do with various Scandinavian Roeriks. All representatives of the so-called. "Norman theory of the origin of Rus'" unanimously give a German etymology of the origin of the name from the Old Scandinavian "HriR" ("glory") and "-rkR" ("noble"). Igor, as is known from PVL, was Rurikovich. But, according to "Gazi - Baraj Tarikh", his father was Lachin - Sokol. In the language of the Baltic and Western Slavs, falcon - rorik, rarog. There is an identity in the etymologies of the name of the legendary prince in the Russian and Bulgar chronicles, which completely rejects the Scandinavian version. Falcon, in Norwegian, however, as in almost all Germanic and Romance languages ​​- "falk".

About the origin of the Rurikovichs from the Hunnic dynasty Dulo.

Scientists have been studying the problem of Igor’s paternity for a long time. The fact is that they are confused by some chronicle conflicts. As is known according to chronicle tradition, he died in 879. At the same time, the Mazurin chronicler writes: “And after living in Novegrad, the prince was 17 years old, but he lived 87 years and died.” (385 - 1) Moreover, all the chronicles say that Igor was still an infant commander. Of course, nature is amazing, but that’s all - It is equally difficult to imagine that Rurik acquired an heir only by the age of 87. At the same time, researchers cannot increase the age of Igor himself, because even if we assume that he was born in 879, in the year of his death (945) he was 66 years old. in the hands of Olga, little Svyatoslav and at the same time was full of strength, making long campaigns against Byzantium, the Drevlyans, etc. The information from the Bulgarian chronicle "Gazi - Baraj Tarikha" regarding events in Rus' in the 9th - 10th centuries is described carefully and gives its own, different from Russian chronicles, interpretation. Let me explain a little the whole background of the events, on the basis of which we can conclude that the so-called were direct descendants of the Bulgar rulers, who traced their lineage from the legendary Hunnic khan Khin-Batyr. Let me remind you that in the 9th century Khazaria and Bulgaria were in a relationship of intense confrontation. After the death of Baltavar Svetogor (Ugyr Aidar) in 855, his powerful state, including all of modern Ukraine, Belarus, North-Eastern Rus', the Don region and many other territories, went to his eldest son Dzhilka. But Svetogor’s youngest son Lachin did not want to put up with this. The Khazar Kaganate took advantage of the situation. As a result of various vicissitudes, the Khazar protege Lachin was declared the Baltavar of the Kara-Bulgar. But the Khazars did not want Kara-Bulgar to become a powerful state again, and divided it into several parts. Therefore, Lachin’s real power extended only to the southern part between the Don and Dnieper rivers. The capital of this territory was. Expelled from the Baltavar chair, Djilki was able to cling to the Seversk land. Its capital was Chernigov. In Kyiv, the Khazar bek Ilyas (interestingly, Ilyas himself came from the Bulgar dynasty, being the son of the Tmutarakan Tarkhan Tamyan) declared the Anchian (Ukrainian) Dir, the son of Vadim the Brave, prince. History of the Indo-Aryan peoples... The capital of his inheritance was called by his name (Tamyan - Tarkhan, or Dima - Tarkhan; Tarkhan - dependent ruler), which is where the Russian name Tmutarakan came from. In Novgorod, the son of the former Khazar kagan Urus Chinavyz became the governor of the Khazars. Chinavyz here relied on the princes of the Sadumian Galidjians (Varangians), the main one of whom was Askold (Khalib - Gleb). Askold himself was appointed Khazar governor under Dir. At the same time, Khazar customs and an entire city block were organized in Kyiv, in which there was even a synagogue. The fact that Askold and Dir were not boyars of Rurik, as reflected in Russian chronicles, is evidenced by Byzantine sources, according to which the siege of Constantinople by the Russians, led by Askold and Dir, was carried out in 860. As you yourself understand, the year of Rurik’s calling (862) clearly shows the falsity of Russian chronicles in this matter. In 86 3, after the uprising in Kiev and the new invasion of the Khazars, Dzhilki, leaving his son Almysh in Chernigov, retired to Volga Bulgaria, where In time, the dynasty of the Bulgar khans who ruled this semi-independent territory ended. Here, in 865, he declared himself the “khan” of Volga Bulgaria. In 870, Askold killed Dir and became the sole ruler in Kiev. After that, he annexed all of North-Eastern Rus' to Kiev. Real power in North-Eastern Rus' was exercised by his son Turma . Rurik was the mayor of Turma in Rostov. Subsequently, instead of the deceased Turma, another son of Askold Bulat becomes the prince of North-Eastern Rus'. There are some, although unclear, data from which it follows that Vadim the Brave was from the Beloyar family, the Russian-Alan dynasty that ruled Ruskolanya until 368 A.D. According to the Gazi-Baraj Tarikh, Vadim was the closest djura (vassal) of the Bulgar Baltavars of Chernoyar and Svetogor. At the same time, he commanded all the Anchi (Ukrainian) troops. Subsequently, Svetogor gave him the whole of North-Eastern Rus', annexed by Vadim to the state of Svetogor (Aidar Ugyr), as his patrimony. Rurik, having received power in Rostov from the hands of Turma, betrayed his benefactors and, in return for recognizing him as the hereditary prince of Rostov, began to help the Volga Bulgars in everything. Dzhilki and the Varangians allied with him began to prepare a campaign against Kyiv, which was postponed for many years due to various events. During this time, Rurik subjugated all of North-Eastern Rus', including Belarus. During his capture of Novgorod, Askold's son Bulat was captured. In 882, Gabdulla Djilki died, but the campaign he planned took place. Rurik did not participate in this campaign; the Varangian army was commanded by his son Salahbi (Oleg). The date of this trip completely coincides with the date indicated in the PVL. This is how this event is described by Gazi-Baradj: “In 882, the son of Erek Salahbi moved to Bashta from Galidj, and from Bolgar - Alabuga with detachments of Sabans and Badjanaks, who sought to avenge the raid on them by the Kara - Bulgarian Mojars led by Lachin. On the eve of the speech, Kan Gabdulla died, and his son Bat, Ugyr Mumin, was raised to the Bulgarian throne, who did not cancel his father’s orders.

KARA - BULGAR KINGS. BRANCH BAT - BOYANA

Bat - Boyan or Khalib Ilyatbir. Eldest son of Kurbat Kungrat ("Kubrat"). Born in 617. In 643, Bat-Boyan converted to Islam, performed the Hajj and visited Caliph Omar, whose name he took for himself. From that time on, people began to call him Bat - Umar or Kamyr - Batyr (Umar, Kamyr - forms of the name "Omar"). After the Arab attack on Bulgaria in 654, he abandoned Islam. In the same year, he defeated the army of the Arab commander (Abdurrahman) at Sharkel (Sarkela) and received the nickname "Khalib" ("Winner"). In 682 he converted to Christianity. In 674, his uncle Shambat-Ky took power from him for 3 years (Shambat died in 677). Bat-Boyan died in 683 and was buried in Kyiv. Later, his remains were placed in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. Bat-Boyan entered the Kyiv epics under the names “Budimir” and “Ilya Muromets”.

Jurash Bat - Umar. Son of Bat - Boyana.

Sulabi. Son of Jurash. He was married to Chakchak, the daughter of the Danube-Bulgar prince Aiyar (Avar).

Aiyar (Avar). Son of Sulabi and Chakchak.

Tat - Ugek. Son of Aiyar (Avar). Of his descendants, his son Tamyan and Tamyan’s son Ilyas are known (he was the kagan - bek of Khazaria).

Tat - Utyak. Son of Aiyar (Avar). He was married to Kanbika, the daughter of Urus-Bugi and Zukhra (Danube-Bulgar princess).

Kan - Karajar. Son of Tat - Utyaka and Kanbiki. He was married to Arya - Uslan - daughter of Azan - Tukty.

Urus Ugyr Aidar. The son of Kan is Karajara and Arya is Uslan.

Lachin. Son of Ugyr Aidar. Tsar of Black Bulgaria. The founder of the dynasty of rulers of Rus'. He entered the legends of Rus' under the name "Rurik", and his son Ugyr Lachyni - under the name "Igor Rurikovich", which is why his branch of the Bulgarian rulers was called the "Rurikovich dynasty".

Gabdulla Dzhilki. Son of Ugyr Aidar. Tsar of the Black and Great Bulgaria. The ancestor of the branch of the Volga-Bulgar kings, called “Saklan”.

Almysh Jafar. The eldest son of Gabdulla Dzhilka, king of the Black and Volga Bulgaria.

Since part of Kievan Rus was once part of the Bulgar and then the Khazar state, its ruling dynasty - "" - was also a branch of the Hunno-Bulgar family of Dulo, therefore the tamga "Baltavar" became the coat of arms of the Old Russian state and Ukraine under the popular name "Trident". (Falcon)

First of all, this is a sign of the ancient Bulgarian Dulo dynasty. This symbol is often found in Danube Bulgaria. It was not found here on the Volga. This means that either it was used before coming to the Volga, or in general, this sign belongs to the Danube Bulgarians.

About Russian martial art

It is quite possible that Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Kirilo Kozhemyaka, Mikula Selyaninovich were not collective images, but quite... Not in epics, but in the chronicle of the 12th century, Demyan Kudenevich is mentioned, who lived in Pereyaslavl Russian commander

Ilya Muromets is buried in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

The last Russian knight Alyosha Popovich died an honest soldier's death in the Battle of Kalka in 1223.

Now is the time to talk about another semi-mythical property of the berserker: his invulnerability. A variety of sources unanimously assert that the warrior-beast actually could not be killed in battle. True, the details of this invulnerability are described in different ways. A berserker supposedly could neither be killed nor wounded with a military weapon (from which it followed that non-combat weapons should be used against him: a wooden club, a hammer with a stone top, etc.); sometimes he was invulnerable only against throwing weapons (arrows and darts); in some cases it was clarified that if he skillfully wielded a weapon, he could still be wounded, even fatally, but he would die only after the battle, and before that he would not seem to notice the wound. The transformation of a berserker during a battle sometimes not only psychologically prepared him for the fight, but also affected the enemy’s psyche - in exactly the opposite spirit. Few people retained composure at the sight of a warrior howling with rage, splashing foam - a beast that did not notice either wounds or fatigue in a frenzy.

Berserkers were protected from throwing (and also from striking) weapons by a kind of “wisdom of madness.” The disinhibited consciousness included extreme speed of reaction, sharpened peripheral vision and, probably, provided some extrasensory skills. The berserker saw (or even predicted) any blow and managed to parry it or bounce off.

It is worth saying with 90% confidence that in Rus' there was a brotherhood of berserkers. But the teaching was deeper (perhaps even the knowledge of primary sources was transmitted) and controlled than that of the Scandinavians. There is an opinion that the closed orders of berserkers were taught secretly, since the teaching was Aryan, which in no way combined with the Christian faith of the empire at that time. By the way, this fits well into the general picture of the world, since many nations had berserkers, and according to alternative history, all nations have common roots. For example, Evpatiy Kolovrat - the name itself carried the load of Vedic culture, for Kolovrat is the correct swastika. Also interpreted as rotating in a circle. Well, historical facts speak of the unprecedented exploits of Russian berserkers.

Thus, the Ipatiev Chronicle of 1148 tells how Gleb Yuryevich brought the Polovtsians to Rus' and besieged Pereyaslavl. Demyan Kudenevich, together with Taras, defeated the enemies.

But Gleb Yuryevich and the Polovtsians again “assailed the city.” Demyan Kudenevich came out to meet them “not having any armor on him.” He was able to defeat the Polovtsians again, but he himself was “exhausted from wounds.” Mstislav Izyaslavich hurries to the dying hero with rich gifts and promises the hero fame and power, but the hero refuses everything because he feels that he is dying.

In addition, the Nikon Chronicle mentions the knight Ragdai, who alone fought with 300!!! warriors. What about the feat of Evpatiy Kolovrat? This is a completely unprecedented phenomenon.

We read: Evpatiy Kolovrat was in a hurry with a detachment of 1500 to help Ryazan, besieged by the Tatar Khan Batu... He didn’t have time... Having looked around the ashes, he decided to enter into battle with the 150 thousand Tatar army. When Batu was informed about the attack, he sent ten thousand soldiers (tumen) to close the issue. The Russians held out. sent a second tumen. The Russians held out again. Amazed by the valor of the Russians, the khan offered them money and positions. They answered: “No.” - “What do you want?” - asked. “We want to die,” answered Kolovrat’s squad. After such an answer, he was forced to stop the army (an unheard-of moment in the history of warfare), rebuild it from a marching order into a combat one, and move all his power against a handful of Russians. Then a miracle happened, the mind refuses to believe ". An army of more than 150 thousand soldiers could not defeat a handful of people. On the third day of continuous battle, suffering huge losses, he ordered the brave men to be surrounded by battering machines. Huge stones were thrown at the Russian berserkers... It is also known that the Tatar knights were sent to bring the governor alive Kolovrat cut the Russians into pieces (in half) from head to saddle, or from shoulder to hip along with armor. I think comments are unnecessary, because no matter how tough the governor was, even a trained person simply cannot do this.